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American Artist: Black Gooey Universe

artwork below: American Artist / Mother of All Demos II, 2021. Dirt, monochome CRT monitor, computer parts, Linux operating system, subwoofer cable, wood, asphalt. 149.9 x 74.9 x 127 cm. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

American Artist, Exhibition. Black Gooey Universe

Collecteurs has created an online exhibition experience for “Black Gooey Universe,” with additional timelines for storytelling and an interview with American Artist on their project. In keeping with Collecteurs’ mission to give the public access to the world’s unseen artworks, we are happy to provide a platform to dive deeper into the exhibition which is now on view in Mexico City.

Labor presents American Artist’s first exhibition in Mexico, “Black Gooey Universe” which redefines how we think about race in the digital age by exploring the history of computer technology. Beginning with their name -which is not a name, but rather a declaration of intentions: to subvert the stereotypes of the generic American artist from blackness, and to question what it means to be an Artist. An American Artist.

American Artist’s practice arises from multiple contexts: the sociopoetics of Black radicalism, where mass revolutionary movements are fused with philosophical improvisations, as seen in the work of Black conceptual artists such as David Hammons; and the use of software as criticism, by questioning the biases embedded in computer technology, following scholars Simone Browne and Ruha Benjamin. The emergence of Artist’ critical artistic practice has coincided with the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, which has made it impossible to ignore racially-motivated police abuse. A struggle that finds common ground and dialogue with the efforts for liberty held throughout Latin America.

artwork: American Artist / Untitled (Too Thick) Gold, 2021. Aluminum phone casings, silicone, polyurethane, asphalt, wood, lightning to USB cord. 152.4 x 17.8 x 10.2 cm (60 x 7 x 4inches). Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

… before the 70s, computer screens were black, but now, when you open a new document or begin a search online, the background is typically white. It wasn’t always like that.

For this exhibition, Artist continues their research into the development of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), which is what we use to communicate with a computer, and which is also how we come across most information these days. The most compelling part being that, before the 70s, computer screens were black, but now, when you open a new document or begin a search online, the background is typically white. It wasn’t always like that. In the CRT monitors, crucial to computers before the 90s, the screens appeared black, and white or green forms were inscribed by cathode rays. The early white gooey of the Apple Lisa was an artificial backdrop for corporate productivity, an entire plane of rapidly blinking white within the black CRT monitor space, sustained by a continuous energy draw, representative of the wasteful impetus of capitalism.

An old monochrome CRT monitor with keyboard, installed on a table. There is operating system running, and a black goo is coming out of the keyboards. There are hand prints on either side of the keyboard, marked with the black goo.

artwork: American Artist / Mother of All Demos II, 2021. Dirt, monochome CRT monitor, computer parts, Linux operating system, subwoofer cable, wood, asphalt. 149.9 x 74.9 x 127 cm. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

Through their practice, American Artist proposes to ponder on the ideological assertion of whiteness as neutral. Their work rejects the finish-fetish aesthetic that commonly accompanies digital technology in the age of Web 2.0. American Artist further contextualizes the black screen as a metaphor for Blackness in their essay “Black Gooey Universe” published in unbag magazine.

They mention that “black gooey is antithetical to the values of the white screen”; they relate this inquiry to Fred Moten’s theories about race. Anti-blackness, Artist suggests, exists equally in the iPhones we use daily and the sets of politics we use to guide our lives.

What if that transition from the black screen to the white screen had never happened? Or what would it have meant for the original black interface to continue to evolve? And how does this challenge the values we are constantly negotiating within computer technology? This is what American Artist’s video and sculpture pieces are trying to represent: the redefinition of values that are in contrast with everything we associate with our current digital environment.

Visit ‘Black Gooey Universe’ Exhibition at Labor on Collecteurs

American Artist, Interview. Nothing More American: In Conversation with American Artist. By Collecteurs
American Artist working on their artwork, Mother of All Demos. The CRM monitor is installed on the keyboard they have made.

In our interview for the exhibition Black Gooey Universe at Labor; Collecteurs talks to American Artist about the advancement of the GUI and what a Black Gooey Universe would entail.

artwork: American Artist / Master-Slave Flip-Flop, 2021. Neon. 73 x 201 x 6cm. (28.74 x 79.13 x 2.36inches). Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

American Artist, Timeline: A Gooey History
1937 – 1945Before WWII, several groups around the world backed by military funding delve into research to create digital computing machines. These machines would serve various purposes like “calculating artillery firing tables to cracking the enemy’s secret codes.”1 One of the earliest computers to be produced in this quest was the Harvard Mark I, designed by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper.
Harvard Mark I, an early computer that takes up an entire wall in a large room. There are three people in front of it, investigating missile ballistics data.

image: Harvard Mark I, 1943. image credits: Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Harvard Mark I, 1943 [Image].  https://www.britannica.com/technology/Harvard-Mark-I

artwork: American Artist / Don’t Boil Your iPhone in Coca-Cola!, 2018. Single-channel HD video. 5:27 min. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

“Such machines will have enormous appetites…There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.”

-Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, 1945.

1945Engineer and inventor Vannevar Bush publishes his seminal article “As We May Think.” Now that WWII is over, Bush contemplates a future where the scientific advancements in computing during the war can be used to create a device that can store information, records and provide communication with increased speeds. Bush calls this device the “Memex,” based on its ability to store extensive memory.
Video installation from a distance; on the screen an iPhone is being boiled in Coca-Cola, the iPhone screen shows the

artwork: American Artist / Don’t Boil Your iPhone in Coca-Cola!, 2018. Single-channel HD video. 5:27 min. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

1946SRI (Stanford Research Institute) formed by Stanford’s research labs in Menlo Park, California. The institute gathers all engineers and programmers to the region that eventually becomes the Silicon Valley of today.

artwork left: American Artist / Untitled (Too Thick) II, 2021. Aluminum phone casings, silicone, polyurethane, asphalt, wood, lightning to USB cord. 152.4 x 17.8 x 10.2 cm (60 x 7 x 4inches). Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

American Artist in the studio. Photography by Martin Adolfsson for Collecteurs.

1960Augmentation Research Center (ARC) is founded within the SRI by Douglas Engelbart. The division was formed to research new tools for collaboration and information processing . During his research and work here, Engelbart publishes his article “Augmenting Human Intellect,” in 1962, which describes a computing device that will be “_increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems._“2
Gold iPhones stacked on top of one another, with a black goo at the top

artwork: American Artist / Untitled (Too Thick) Gold, 2021. Aluminum phone casings, silicone, polyurethane, asphalt, wood, lightning to USB cord. 152.4 x 17.8 x 10.2 cm (60 x 7 x 4inches). Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

artwork: American Artist / Mother of All Demos II, 2021. Dirt, monochome CRT monitor, computer parts, Linux operating system, subwoofer cable, wood, asphalt. 149.9 x 74.9 x 127 cm. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

1968

Excerpt from The Mother of All Demos, 1968.

Inspired by Vannevar Bush’s idea of the Memex, and the ideas he presented in his essay, Augmenting Human Intellect, Douglas Engelbart stages a demonstration called The Mother of All Demos, showcasing a computer running on their oN-Line System. The device had a cursor that reacted to the mouse he invented, graphical displays of the hypertext with a multiple-window interface, hyperlinks and on-screen video conferencing.3An extravagant media event, The Mother of All Demos stunned scientists and enthusiasts alike, and led the way into more research for developing an easily accessible computer interface.

American Artist in the studio. Photography by Martin Adolfsson for Collecteurs.

artwork: American Artist / Mother of All Demos II, 2021. Dirt, monochome CRT monitor, computer parts, Linux operating system, subwoofer cable, wood, asphalt. 149.9 x 74.9 x 127 cm. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

artwork: American Artist / Untitled (Portal), 2018. Outdoor burner 20LB, propane tank, hose, skillet, Coca-Cola, smartphone, spatula. Variable dimensions. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

1970Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) is formed. The institution assembles a team of scientists and engineers to work on the latest advancements in computer technology. Some employees of the SRI are also transferred to PARC.1973The Xerox Alto is completed with one of the earliest examples of a functioning graphical user interface (GUI), whose inspiration was taken from Engelbart’s work from previous years. The display monitor for the Alto was oriented to the size of a printed page and showed images, icons and text as a part of the GUI. The Alto wasn’t released as a commercial product until 1981 and by then there were cheaper alternatives that undercut the sale of the device.
Screenshot of Xerox Alto interface, showing various windows, text and images. A figure of a screwdriver is shown in bitmaps.

The SmallTalk development and GUI environment from Xerox Alto. From ArsTechnica, “A History of GUI.” 

artwork: American Artist / Untitled (Portal), 2018. Outdoor burner 20LB, propane tank, hose, skillet, Coca-Cola, smartphone, spatula. Variable dimensions. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

artwork: American Artist / No State, 2018. Aluminum phone casings, silicone, glass. Variable dimensions. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

1977Apple’s most successful personal computer of its time, Apple II was released. As opposed to Apple I before it, the computer didn’t need additional assembling from the user, which made it popular for home computing. Apple II also featured sound, graphics and color; the screen commands were green text on black background. Steve Wozniak, its designer, claimed this to be the computer’s success: “To me, a personal computer should be small, reliable, convenient to use and inexpensive.” 41979-1983Apple starts working on the Apple Lisa, inspired by a visit to Xerox PARC. The Apple GUI featured checkmarks next to menu items, keyboard shortcuts, the ability to drag and drop, double-clicking to run an action and abstracted icons that represented files in the filesystem; most notable one being the trashcan for deleted files. Apple Lisa was released in 1983, but similar to the Xerox Alto, was not commercially successful since it wasn’t compatible with other devices and was slow to process information. 5

Apple Lisa commercial from 1983-84

artwork: American Artist / No State, 2018. Aluminum phone casings, silicone, glass. Variable dimensions. Photography by: Ramiro Chaves. Courtesy of American Artist and Labor.

Visit ‘Black Gooey Universe’ Exhibition at Labor on Collecteurs

Footnotes:1 Jeremy Reimer. (2005, May 5). A History of the GUI | Ars Technica. (https://arstechnica.com/features/2005/05/gui/)2 Douglas Engelbart. (1962, October). Augmenting Human Intellect. (http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/engelbart/full\_62\_paper\_augm\_hum\_int.html)3 Eric Steven Raymond & Rob W. Landley. (2004, April 18). The Art of Unix Usability, 2.4. Vector Graphics, Video Games, and NLS/Augment. (http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s04.html)4 William Gallagher. (2020, April 18). How Apple owes everything to its 1977 Apple II computer | AppleInsider. (https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/04/18/how-apple-owes-everything-to-its-1977-apple-ii-computer)5 Andy F. Mesa. (1997, 98). Apple and the GUI. (https://applemuseum.bott.org/sections/gui.html)
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